Sources
Image Sources
Unless otherwise noted, images are copyright Mastercard Foundation. © Mastercard Foundation 2022. This work cannot be reproduced, sold or disseminated in any circumstances, without written consent by Mastercard Foundation.
Title Image
- Image: "Terraced Hillside, Rwanda" by IFPRI is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Overview
- Image: "Terraced Hillside, Rwanda" by IFPRI is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Soil Erosion Terminology
Definitions of Key Terms
- Soil Erosion: Image by brgfx from Freepik.com
- Soil Erosion Control: "Terraced Hillside" by AdamCohn is licensed under CC BY NC-ND 2.0
- Slope: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- Contour lines: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- Vertical interval: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
Introduction to Soil Erosion Control
Soil Erosion: What Causes It and How To Control It
- Image: "Soil Erosion at its worst-2+" by John is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Mechanical Soil Erosion Control Measures
Mechanical Erosion Control Measures
- Trench: RAO (n.y.): Rainwater impounded in contour trenches. Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox - SSWM.info, License: CC BY 3.0, https://sswm.info/sswm-solutions-bop-markets/improving-water-and-sanitation-services-provided-public-institutions-0/field-trenches
- Ditch: "Trenches" by cobaltfish is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
- Contour Bund: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- Contour Stone Bund: "File:Contour line 8 gener 2007.jpg" by Victor M. Vincente Selvas is marked Public Domain
- Ridge: © FAO 2003. PLATE 45. Example of graded contour ridges with cross ties lower than the main ridges to retain water between the cross ties, but allow excess rainwater to flow between the ridges rather than spill over or break the main ridges. Page 51, https://www.fao.org/3/y4690e/y4690e.pdf
- Weir: "Check Dams" by Desert LCC is licensed under CC BY 2.0
- Gabion: "Braemar Gabions" by amortize is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
- Stone Line: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- Filter Strip: "Restoring Yanze River and Watershed Protection - Rwanda Green Fund Investment" by RwandaGreenFund is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
- Trash Line: "Chickpea seedlings and wheat crop residues" by CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0/ cropped
- Bench Terrace: "Terraced Hillside" by AdamCohn is licensed under CC BY NC-ND 2.0
- Bench Terrace: "Terraced Hillside, Rwanda" by IFPRI is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
- Progressive Terrace: "Rwandan Terracing" by John & Mel Kots is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Check for Understanding on Mechanical Erosion Control Measures
- Ridge with ties: "Tied ridges. Photo credit: Jonathan Odhong'/IITA." by africarising is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Materials, Tools, and Equipment used in Mechanical Soil Erosion Control Measures
Materials
- Agricultural Lime: "File:Dolokal.jpg" by Rasbak is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
- Organic Manure: Manure by Petr Kratochvil is licensed under CC0 1.0
- Fixing Plants- Napier Grass: "starr-120702-7891-Cenchrus_purpureus-var_Mott_forage_pasture_grass-USDA_Plant_Materials_Center-Molokai" by Forest and Kim Starr is licensed under CC BY 2.0
- Fixing Plants- Vetiver Grass: "starr-091117-1337-Chrysopogon_zizanioides-seeding habit-Kokomo_ Haiku-Maui" by Forest and Kim Starr is licensed under CC BY 2.0
- Fixing Plants- Rhodes Grass: "Chloris gayana plant NC7" by Harry Rose is licensed under CC BY 2.0
- Fixing Plants- Buffel Grass: "Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) (12882285943).jpg" by Bernard DUPONT is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
- Fixing Plants- Phalaris: “Reed Canary-grass against sky” by Philip Goddard is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
- Fixing Plants- Tall Fescue Grass: Festuca arundinacea plant2 by Harry Rose is licensed under CC BY 2.0
- Fixing Plants- Cocksfoot Grass: "Dactylis glomerata plant14" CWS by Harry Rose is licensed under CC BY 2.0
Tools
- Shovel/Spade: "Shovels" by arz is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
- Hand Hoe: Hoe Hardware by Jipcee from cleanpng.com
- Pick Axe: Pickaxe by OpenClipart is marked CC0.10
- Measuring Tape: Tape Measure by Deluge is marked CC0 1.0
- Ropes: rope PNG is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0
- Water Level (Carpenter Level): "File:Vpass-1.JPG" by Svjo is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
- Pegs: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- Ranging poles: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- Panga: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
Optical Equipment
- GPS: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
Non-Optical Equipment
- Wheel Barrow: "Empty wheelbarrow on white background" © Pixel-Shot - stock.adobe.com
- A-Frame: Octave Muvunyi Manzi, EDC
- N-Frame: Aya Mouelhi, EDC
Preparation and Construction of Mechanical Soil Erosion Control Measures
Establishing Contour Lines
- A-Frame: "Integrated Land, Water Resources and Clean Energy Management for Poverty Reduction - Rwanda Green Fund Investment" Rwanda Green Fund is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
- N-Frame: Aya Mouelhi, EDC
Constructing a Bench Terrace
- Bench Terrace: "Integrated Land, Water Resources and Clean Energy Management for Poverty Reduction - Rwanda Green Fund Investment" by Rwanda Green Fund is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0